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Technology transfer can be defined as a process to develop practical applications that come from a scientific research. Although theoretically it has been used for many years, high research volume and many past failures have changed the focus on the process instead.

Many profit institutions, university technology transfer and organizations owned by government have a “Technology Transfer Entity” with a special purpose to identify the kind of research that may has potential commercial interest and to develop necessary strategies to exploit this business opportunity. For example, a research is usually focused on scientific and commercial interest, but unfortunately patents are issued only for practical application, therefore someone - not only the researchers - should find a way to bring this scientific result into a practical and real-world application.

Commercial value is also an important consideration, for example, even there are many ways to achieve successful nuclear fusion, only those that produce more energy than needed to sustain the fusion, can be considered to have commercial value and can be applied for practical commercial purposes.

The process to utilize commercial value of research result can take many forms. These may include licensing agreements or establishing partnership cooperation and joint ventures to share the risks and benefits of putting new technologies on the market.

Currently, there is a noticeable trend on technology transfer services with their own specialized fields. They are owned by or work with research agencies, governments and big companies. The usual clients are usually start-up and spin-out companies; the fee for technology transfer is often traded for a share in the business stake. This has often increased the complexity in the technology transfer process, technology transfer entities are often employ multidisciplinary staffs, which may include lawyers, economists, business executives, engineers and scientists. The process of transferring technology has invited considerable attention, which is covered in many papers and journals.

Generally laptops no longer have with floppy drives and Zip disks. If you need them, it can always be added, but frankly you do not really need them anyway.
Laptops often missing internal expansion slots often found in a PC, it is because many laptops already come with all needed pre-installed devices (yet another reason for a laptop to has a high price). If you prefer to tweak the expansion cards in your computer, perhaps, you need a desktop PC rather than a laptop.
Fortunately the laptop has good scalability - with its USB ports, where you can add any desktop computer as an external peripheral device. But be aware! You’re buying a laptop because you need it’s compact and portable, so you likely need to get additional devices installed when you buy the laptop. Adding new device is possible, but you may risk reducing its portability.
You may want make sure your laptop has an integrated memory card reader. This allow you to access many kind of memory cards including Secure Digital and CompactFlash cards on your laptop immediately, which good when you have digital camera. You can even use them as removable storage and as a means of exchanging information between two computers, although a USB flash drive is a lot more convenient.notebook

The three basic items that you really need are

• Processor
• RAM
• Hard disk storage

The processor is the laptop’s main chip. It is not the brain of your computer. Software is the real brain. It tells the processor what to do. You want to make sure you get a processor that is fast enough to handle the applications that you need tomorrow. When more money is invested in a fast processor now, it would prolongs the useful life of your laptop, it ensures that you can run a heavy software in the future. So get a laptop with the fastest processor you can pay.

Memory is where the real action happens in a computer, it’s where the work is done. If software says he wants more than 256 MB of memory, and then gets a laptop with lots of RAM.

Hard disk store electronic documents. This includes not just the operating system, but all software that you obtain and install later, and all important files and junk files that you collect. Again, the software will tell you about disk space they need. The total space for each application must be totaled, and then at least doubled, to give you a figure for how much hard disk storage you need.

• Laptop processors are more expensive than their desktop cousins. That’s because the laptop processors must be designed to use less energy and produce less heat. It takes time, so that their development process is longer, hence it comes with an extra cost.
• When reading hardware on a box of software, always use the “recommended” values, not the minimum. For example, a program of may demand 256 MB RAM, but it really need 384 MB. If so, get 384MB RAM or more.
• RAM is important If you can not afford a fast processor, you can always to buy more RAM.
• Buy the biggest hard drive. Especially if you plan to put lots of music on your laptop, you’ll need at least 80 Gb HD.
• If possible, I recommend least 512 megabytes of RAM. If you can afford to 1024MB RAM, by all means get it. If you can afford to 2048MB RAM, get it.
• The things that consume huge amounts of disk space are graphic image files, music or audio files, video and files. If you plan on storing any of these inside your laptop, get a bigger hard drive!
• Investing with fastest processor, lots of RAM, and sizable amounts of disk space, would mean extending your laptop’s useful life. It is a good thing. You should make your laptop as a good investment for years to come.

Allow me to distill this information to you: If want to get a laptop as a substitute of your desktop, you will most probably be running the similar software in the laptop on your desk. In this case, your laptop specs should be the same to the desktop PC.

If laptop is a new journey for you, then perhaps what you really need is a laptop with basic configuration. Want to surf the Internet? An Office suite of applications? That’s about what an ordinary laptop user often needs.

In addition to the two previous examples, you must be able to run a special software inside your laptop. If so, consider what type of hardware and software you really needs. For one thing, if the software requires 256 megabytes RAM, you must ensure that your laptop has lots of RAM also a sizable storage disk, a CD-ROM, powerful microprocessor, and other things. They are listed right on the edge of the software box.

• The really important software you need is the operating system. For this blog, I guess that you use Windows XP or Vista. Generally, any laptop good enough to run Windows Vista can manage any desktop software sold.

• You have to check the software licensing to see if you are allowed to install one program at on both your desktop and laptop PC. Most of the time, which is considered acceptable by the seller, is that you are allowed to use it in two computers. But some software developers, including Microsoft, do not allow multiple installations of the same software package.
• Fortunately, most laptops come with every software you need. You’ll obtain an operating system, Windows XP or Vista. You’ll get Microsoft Office or a productivity suite programs, perhaps other software as well. Be sure to inquiry about included software before buying a laptop.
• Gamers prefer desktop systems than laptops, mainly because desktop computers can easily be modified and updated. In this spirit, if you intend to play games in a laptop, be sure to get the best video card, lots of video memory, and lots of system RAM as well. But bear in mind that, laptop is unlike a desktop computer, you can not update these things easily. Thus, you must plan in advance with your laptop specification.
• It is also noted that the portable LCD are not updated as quickly as a traditional CRT screen or monitor. The PC gamers prefer CRT.
• In the field of graphics development, advanced designers also prefer CRT monitors or traditional monitor, because they can better accurately recreate variety of colors. But note that it is possible to connect a CRT monitor with a laptop when the need arises.

To get a computer that works well for you, follow these five easy steps:
1. Find out what you want the computer to do.
2. Find the software to get the job.
3. Match hardware to software.
4. Good store service and support.
5. Buy the computer.

Two things stand out here more than others. The first - often surprising for most people - is to find the software before hardware (step 2). Because it is software that is the work done. Despite all the flash and glory of cutting-edge hardwares, software is more important. The second point is to Step 4: good service and support. More important than finding a low price or deal is to find people who will give you help when you need it and fix the stupid thing in case it breaks. That makes sense, but it’s crazy how people often forget.

The best computer, you can buy is the one who does what you need to do. To find this computer, you must ignore all sales pressure, which is more focused on brand-name computer buying. This is completely false, and a person must be intensively re-educated when he buys computers depending on their brands.
You do not buy a computer for hardware alone. Low price is not the reason whatsoever. Instead, the reason you want a computer is to perform certain tasks, to have the computer work for you, or to help you do something. When you approach the purchase in this spirit, you end up getting the best possible computer - not a brand.

Once upon a time, your classmates just knew that you were a computer geek when you transported your micro-computer to your dorm room. Today, they know that you are a geek if you do not have a laptop. (In fact, laptops are cool; desktops are ancient artifacts on university campuses.)
Laptops let you wear a full-powered computer anywhere on campus. You can finish your work in your dorm as easily as you can in the library or elsewhere.
Most colleges and universities offer a laptop requirements sheet that tells you what kind of equipment that you should look for when buying a laptop to school.

Laptops is often quite expensive. They are also takes money to maintain. They can be easily stolen. While battery life often never lived up to the specifications. It is difficult to get work done on an airplane or a coffee, either because people look over your shoulder or ask questions on the laptop. Ack!

Thanks to their light weight, long battery life and more and more computing power, a laptop computer ideal for just about anyone. If you do not have a laptop today, you will one day.

Obviously Adam Osborne was right: Computers need to be portable! The question should really be: Why buy a desktop computer that’s stuck in one spot all the time?
Naturally, a desktop computer is more powerful, expandable, and cheaper than a laptop. But you can’t take it with you! Well, you could, but by hauling all that desktop stuff around you’d really look like a dork. On the other hand, it’s impossible to look like a dork with a laptop. Imagine yourself sitting in that trendy coffee shop, sipping some overpriced caffeinated beverage while pouring over your e-mail and chatting on a cell phone — that’s hip! That’s so five-minutes-from-now!
Seriously, you want a laptop for one of the following reasons:

• As your main computer Why dither over saving money with a desktop when you really want the portability of a laptop? A desktop computer cannot pretend to be a laptop, but a laptop can certainly fake being a desktop: You can use a full-sized keyboard and monitor with your laptop. You can also connect any number of popular desktop peripherals such as a printer, scanner, external hard drive, and so on. But, unlike a desktop system, you’re free to disconnect the laptop and take it with you whenever you want.
• As a space-saving computer system Unlike desktops, you don’t have to build a shrine to your laptop computer — that is, you don’t need a computer desk. If space is tight in your house, apartment, or dorm room, keep the laptop on the shelf or in a drawer. Then set it up on the kitchen table or coffee table when you’re ready to work. Forget about the constant mess and clutter that orbits the typical desktop computer station. Viva Adam Osborne!
• As a second computer Why buy a second desktop computer when you can get a laptop and enjoy not only the presence of a second computer but the ability to make that computer system portable? Further, you can network the two computers together, allowing them to share the Internet connection, printers, as well as data and files. But you still have the luxury of having one system that’s portable.
• As your on-the-road computer Laptops let you take your work on the road. After a few moments of synch, you’re off and running to anywhere you like (though being in direct, bright sunlight can make it difficult to see the laptop screen).

When you return from your “road warrior” trip, you perform another synch, and both computers are all caught up for the day.

• Laptops let you escape the confines of your office and do work anywhere you like for a few hours. For a few hours. Or if there is power at your location, you can plug in and work all day.
• The laptop lets you take your work with you when you travel. It lets you experience the reality of using a computer on an airplane (which isn’t as sexy as it sounds).