While desktop computers come with some energy management features — the ability to suspend or sleep the computer, or the “hibernate” option — these features are far more necessary on a laptop. Primarily, energy management on the laptop is concerned with controlling the power drain on the battery. Ensure that your future laptop has the ability to merely sip power when necessary.

When power is really important to you, consider getting one of the powermiser microprocessors as opposed to the high-speed, top-of-the-line models. This does save a tad on battery life, but keep in mind that a high-end microprocessor works better for extending the laptop’s lifespan.

Laptops thirst for communications! Therefore, they must come with an internal modem plus networking abilities, either wire-based Ethernet, or wireless networking, or often both.
Most laptops are adorned with infrared communications ports, which allow for communications with other infrared devices. Or I suppose the infrared ports exist so that you can use your laptop to change channels on the hotel room TV.

• Ethernet is provided on a laptop via internal circuitry and an RJ-45 port (or hole) on the laptop’s case. If the laptop doesn’t have this circuitry built in, then you can add it via a PC Card.
• Wireless networking is done via the 802.11 standard. The most popular version of this standard is 802.11g, though some older systems use 802.11b. (Some wireless laptops use both systems, 802.11g and 802.11b.)
• Yes, the 802.11h and 802.11i standard will most likely be available soon. Don’t worry about them. A good gauge of which wireless standard to get is to look at what’s available in the store. According to Fred at Office Max, it’s 802.11g.
• Whoa! I just saw the 802.11n standard fly by!
• If the laptop doesn’t come with wireless networking built in, it can be added via a PC Card. I recommend getting a card with an external, directional antenna.
• Avoid the temptation to fondle the external antenna.
• If the laptop lacks a modem, then you can also add a modem via a PC Card.
• No, sadly you cannot use your laptop to change channels on the hotel room TV. I have this information on authority from many who’ve tried.

Laptops use a special expansion card system no longer called PCMCIA. It was once called PCMCIA, and you may still hear that term bandied about. But because no one can remember PCMCIA, let alone what it stands for, PCMCIA was changed back in the 1990s, renamed first to Fred and then to PC Card. Despite this, I noticed in Office Max the other day that some guy called them PCMCIA cards. His name was Fred. The PCMCIA, er, PC Card system uses special expansion slots and cards for adding options to your laptop. These cards are about the size of a credit card, though thicker (and without revolving debt). They slide into a special slot on the laptop’s side, which is how you can add special options to your laptop. The options include a memory card reader, networking abilities, more storage, and so on.
Laptops may also use an exchangeable disk system. For example, the CD-ROM or DVD drive might be removable and could be replaced with a second hard drive or a floppy drive. This type of drive-swapping is usually specific to certain laptop models; you generally cannot swap drives between two laptops from different manufacturers, unless you’re just incredibly lucky.

• Okay: PCMCIA stands for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. Big deal!
• It’s often said that PCMCIA stands for People Cannot Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms.
• Better than getting the swappable drive option is simply knowing exactly what you need in a laptop in the first place. Buying a laptop with non-swappable disk drives is cheaper.
• Other laptop expansion options are available through the same type of expansion ports available on desktop PCs. These include standard USB ports, as well as older serial and printer ports.

Upgrading memory (also known as RAM) today is one of the most straightforward and most efficient way of to upgrade a computer, several CPU or even the whole LAN network. Doubling the RAM of any computers can often cost less than $100 per machine, delaying the need to replace to the latest computer models for a year or so.

Adding Computer RAM can often lead to trouble if the different kind of RAM or memory module is installed. These problems can become very complex, and become very costly, when buying memory upgrades for the whole offices.

The RAM upgrade should follow an established line, for example you may want to upgrade to DDR PC2700 Memory if you currently have DDR PC2100 Memory. However, if you prefer to choose DDR2 memory, that means you have chosen a different generation of RAM, which necessitate the change of mainboard or even new processor, if your old processor cannot be installed to your new mainboard.

• Weight. Almost all laptops sold today, fall within the range of 4 to 7 pounds. The laptops with more weight have more features. The lightest models may have fewer features or simply less advanced features, but they are generally more expensive. You pay more on light laptop, but curiously you pay more for a heavier one too, if they have additional features.
• Dimension. Most laptops are less than 1 inch thick and about as big and wide as a small coffee table book. They could get smaller than this, but there is a limit based on the size of the keyboard and screen size.
• Display. Recently, manufacturers have discovered that people love larger LCD displays on a laptop - despite the fact that larger display add to laptop size and weight. For a laptop used at a desk and only rarely being on travel, a large screen is beautiful. But if you want portability, and longer battery life, consider a smaller screen.
• The battery life. Despite claims on the brochure, most laptops last two to three hours unplugged. They had even less if you do a lot with the laptop, which means lots of disk access and networking and projects that require numerous amounts of electricity.
• Battery type. There are many types of batteries, but what you want in your laptop battery is a lithium-ion. You do not want a nickel-cadmium or NiCad “battery. The lithium-ion batteries can be recharged at any time and do not have the” memory ” of NiCad problem. They have a maturity of more and keep a more powerful charge longer.

The lack of memory is noticeable with sluggish performance. This is especially true, when you are using an older computer and then installing a new software or game that may have steeper hardware requirement than usual.

How much RAM that is really needed? Well, it really depends on your needs. One basic method is to

• Load all softwares that you usually use, concurrently, like an internet browser and a graphic editing software.
• Work with your computer for an hour or so, just as usual.
• In Windows XP, press Ctrl-Alt-Del and in task manager pop-up windows, select Performance tab.
• Look down into Commit Charge (k) section and read the amount of memory peak

The amount of memory peak can be roughly used as an indication how much memory that you need in your daily use of your computer. Add another 128 or 256 Mb and you have enough memory to optimize the speed of your PC
I have seen a couple of very slow computer that come alive with just adding 256 Mb of RAM, but with really affordable memory price today, it is logical to buy 1 Gb RAM upgrade to give you plenty of space when you buy newer softwares and games in the next few months. But, you should be aware that excessive RAM upgrade might be just a complete waste of money. When you use your PC lightly and your RAM requirement never exceed 1 Gb, an upgrade to 4GB Memory Upgrade or even 8 Gb memory upgrades would be useless. It is like building 4 or 8 rooms in your home, when you only need one room. The extra cash should be used to buy faster processor instead.
How about using the new Windows Vista? If you are using the sleek Aero user interface, large memory size is not the only requirement, a fast and direct-X 10 capable VGA card is good to have. Some PC user had make a large memory upgrade and then find that there is only a tiny improvement in speed. I suggest that you buy 2 Gb memory Upgrade when using Vista, as the OS requires close to 1 Gb of RAM itself.

Many profit institutions, university technology transfer and organizations owned by government have a “Technology Transfer Entity” with a special purpose to identify the kind of research that may has potential commercial interest and to develop necessary strategies to exploit this business opportunity. For example, a research is usually focused on scientific and commercial interest, but unfortunately patents are issued only for practical application, therefore someone - not only the researchers - should find a way to bring this scientific result into a practical and real-world application.

Commercial value is also an important consideration, for example, even there are many ways to achieve successful nuclear fusion, only those that produce more energy than needed to sustain the fusion, can be considered to have commercial value and can be applied for practical commercial purposes.

The process to utilize commercial value of research result can take many forms. These may include licensing agreements or establishing partnership cooperation and joint ventures to share the risks and benefits of putting new technologies on the market.

Currently, there is a noticeable trend on technology transfer services with their own specialized fields. They are owned by or work with research agencies, governments and big companies. The usual clients are usually start-up and spin-out companies; the fee for technology transfer is often traded for a share in the business stake. This has often increased the complexity in the technology transfer process, technology transfer entities are often employ multidisciplinary staffs, which may include lawyers, economists, business executives, engineers and scientists. The process of transferring technology has invited considerable attention, which is covered in many papers and journals.

• Processor
• RAM
• Hard disk storage

The processor is the laptop’s main chip. It is not the brain of your computer. Software is the real brain. It tells the processor what to do. You want to make sure you get a processor that is fast enough to handle the applications that you need tomorrow. When more money is invested in a fast processor now, it would prolongs the useful life of your laptop, it ensures that you can run a heavy software in the future. So get a laptop with the fastest processor you can pay.

Memory is where the real action happens in a computer, it’s where the work is done. If software says he wants more than 256 MB of memory, and then gets a laptop with lots of RAM.

Hard disk store electronic documents. This includes not just the operating system, but all software that you obtain and install later, and all important files and junk files that you collect. Again, the software will tell you about disk space they need. The total space for each application must be totaled, and then at least doubled, to give you a figure for how much hard disk storage you need.

• Laptop processors are more expensive than their desktop cousins. That’s because the laptop processors must be designed to use less energy and produce less heat. It takes time, so that their development process is longer, hence it comes with an extra cost.
• When reading hardware on a box of software, always use the “recommended” values, not the minimum. For example, a program of may demand 256 MB RAM, but it really need 384 MB. If so, get 384MB RAM or more.
• RAM is important If you can not afford a fast processor, you can always to buy more RAM.
• Buy the biggest hard drive. Especially if you plan to put lots of music on your laptop, you’ll need at least 80 Gb HD.
• If possible, I recommend least 512 megabytes of RAM. If you can afford to 1024MB RAM, by all means get it. If you can afford to 2048MB RAM, get it.
• The things that consume huge amounts of disk space are graphic image files, music or audio files, video and files. If you plan on storing any of these inside your laptop, get a bigger hard drive!
• Investing with fastest processor, lots of RAM, and sizable amounts of disk space, would mean extending your laptop’s useful life. It is a good thing. You should make your laptop as a good investment for years to come.

Allow me to distill this information to you: If want to get a laptop as a substitute of your desktop, you will most probably be running the similar software in the laptop on your desk. In this case, your laptop specs should be the same to the desktop PC.

If laptop is a new journey for you, then perhaps what you really need is a laptop with basic configuration. Want to surf the Internet? An Office suite of applications? That’s about what an ordinary laptop user often needs.

In addition to the two previous examples, you must be able to run a special software inside your laptop. If so, consider what type of hardware and software you really needs. For one thing, if the software requires 256 megabytes RAM, you must ensure that your laptop has lots of RAM also a sizable storage disk, a CD-ROM, powerful microprocessor, and other things. They are listed right on the edge of the software box.

• The really important software you need is the operating system. For this blog, I guess that you use Windows XP or Vista. Generally, any laptop good enough to run Windows Vista can manage any desktop software sold.

• You have to check the software licensing to see if you are allowed to install one program at on both your desktop and laptop PC. Most of the time, which is considered acceptable by the seller, is that you are allowed to use it in two computers. But some software developers, including Microsoft, do not allow multiple installations of the same software package.
• Fortunately, most laptops come with every software you need. You’ll obtain an operating system, Windows XP or Vista. You’ll get Microsoft Office or a productivity suite programs, perhaps other software as well. Be sure to inquiry about included software before buying a laptop.
• Gamers prefer desktop systems than laptops, mainly because desktop computers can easily be modified and updated. In this spirit, if you intend to play games in a laptop, be sure to get the best video card, lots of video memory, and lots of system RAM as well. But bear in mind that, laptop is unlike a desktop computer, you can not update these things easily. Thus, you must plan in advance with your laptop specification.
• It is also noted that the portable LCD are not updated as quickly as a traditional CRT screen or monitor. The PC gamers prefer CRT.
• In the field of graphics development, advanced designers also prefer CRT monitors or traditional monitor, because they can better accurately recreate variety of colors. But note that it is possible to connect a CRT monitor with a laptop when the need arises.